Coral Conservation Art Show & Fundraiser 2018 – Okinawa, Japan

coral conservation fundraiser

Coral conservation fundraiser

For all that will be in Okinawa Sunday, October 28, 2018, visit the Corals Art Show & Fundraiser! This year is the International Year of the Reef, and that’s why the 3rd edition of Okinawa’s Art Show & Fundraiser (started by Julia Janicki) will be for CORALS!

Enjoy this great mix of art, artists and scientists, live music, nice beers, and a ‘touch table’ to play around with some real science. The auction of the art is until 5:30 PM, this is your chance to find some unique local artwork and donate to a good cause.

Flyer Design – Photos by Shawn Miller, Calligraphy and Illustration by Nicolas Baldwyn, Japanese Calligraphy by Tetsuhiro Hokama, Design by Mirijam Neve.

The Purpose – To educate others about these amazing creatures and the major threats they are facing. To donate some of the profits from the art pieces to conservation organizations (Conservation International to support their CTI)  

People often ask me what is the purpose of conservation photography? Having the ability to affect some form of positive change in the environment and make a global difference with the photographs. Hopefully, the images will inspire people to care more about nature and make a positive difference in the environment.

I will be offering five high-quality underwater fluorescence photographs printed on metal for the fundraiser. A percentage of the sales will be donated to coral conservation awareness.

Mpix metal prints for fundraiser

Coral conservation fundraiser prints

The event was a huge success. Thank you all for your support. Here are a few photographs of the event.

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Corals Art Show & Fundraiser

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Corals Art Show & Fundraiser @OBC

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Corals Art Show & Fundraiser @OBC

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Corals Art Show & Fundraiser @OBC

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Corals Art Show & Fundraiser @OBC

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Corals Art Show & Fundraiser @OBC

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Corals Art Show & Fundraiser @OBC

The science and education table for the adults and children by Maggi Mars.

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Corals Art Show & Fundraiser @OBC

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Corals Art Show & Fundraiser @OBC

Live music by CJ & Friends. Thank you!

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The band – CJ & Friends

A big thanks to all the artists and contributors. Mirijam Nerve, Sylvia Beauchain, and Julia Janicki did a great job organizing the art show and fundraiser.  Have a great day!

 

 

Searching for the Ryukyu Ghost Crab by Shawn Miller

Ghost crabs are one of the fastest terrestrial crabs on the planet. They live in burrows underneath the sand on the coastline. They are found scavenging for food early in the morning and late in the evening to avoid predators. These sand crabs can change colors to adapt to their environment.  In Okinawa, we have two species of Ghost crabs,  the Horn-eyed crab (Ocypode ceratophthalmus) and the Smooth-eyed ghost crab (Ocypode cordimanus).

Horn-eyed ghost crab at sunset

Horn-eyed ghost crab at Maede flats

Ghost crabs have three ways to avoid predators.

  1. Stay close to their burrow and retreat into it quickly.
  2. Escape into the surf zone and burrow underneath the wet sand.
  3. Stay still and slowly dig into the beach sand
Ghost crab burrow

Ghost crab burrow

Ryukyu Horn-eyed ghost crab

Elusive ghost crab

These crabs have the ability to fold their eyes into grooves for protection.

Ghost crab - Fill flash and back-lighting Stella 200

Ghost crab & Stella 2000

This large ghost crab tried to intimidate me with its large claws and scary shadow.

The sand dwelling hunter

The sand dwelling hunter

These crabs were photographed on white for the Meet Your Neighbours Biodiversity Project. The project is dedicated to connecting people worldwide with the wildlife in their communities.  All images are used for conservation awareness and educational purposes.

MYN Biodiversity Project Japan

MYN Biodiversity Project Japan.

Juvenile ghost crab

Juvenile – Ocypode sp

The Juveniles can be extremely colorful depending on their surrounding environment. I have been finding more and more trash washed on the shoreline.  Could the crabs possibly be adapting to the colors of the sounding marine debris washed ashore?

the Smooth-eyed ghost crab ( Ocypode cordimanus)

the Smooth-eyed ghost crab ( Ocypode cordimanus)

All ghost crabs are scavengers, mainly feeding on seaweed, fruit, seeds, other crabs, turtle hatchlings, and insects.

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feeding on beetles

Feeding on a hermit crab

Feeding on a hermit crab

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Feeding on a shrew

These crabs are beautiful creatures and hopefully, you will get the opportunity to see one in the wild.

Pink ghost crab

Pink ghost crab

People often ask me what is the purpose of conservation photography? Having the ability to affect some form of positive change in the environment and make a global difference with the photographs. Hopefully, the images will inspire people to care more about nature and make a positive difference in the environment.

 

 My Mission: To Document and Preserve the Wildlife of the Ryukyu Islands

This site is also designed to help people identify the beautiful animals of Okinawa, basically to serve as an online nature reference guide. If you would like to make a contribution to support my mission, please click on the donation link  paypal.me/maketheswitch4nature

Your donations will help conservation initiatives as well as bring solutions to the worldwide pollution issues on our beautiful shorelines.  Thank you for your support, Shawn M Miller.

#MakeTheSwitch4Nature

 

 

House Dwelling Huntsman Spiders of Okinawa by Shawn Miller

Have you ever been bitten by a spider?

In 2014, I was bitten by a large huntsman spider (Heteropoda ventoria) in my apartment. It was completely my fault, I failed to check my clogs before putting them on.  All spiders are venomous and I was fortunate not to have an allergic reaction to the bite.

Natural habitat

Natural habitat

The Huntsman spider is the most common spider on Okinawa. It is often found in houses, workplaces, gardens, parks and sometimes inside vehicles. They are fast moving and are capable of jumping at fast speeds.

Spiders have tiny hairs called setules. These hairs allow the spider to cling to slippery surfaces and vehicles traveling at high speeds. You can’t shake this spider!

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Spider on the windshield

Spider on the windshield

I have heard stories of them being as big as a basketball, but these were all just exaggerations from people terrified of spiders. The largest specimens get about fist size.

Large huntsman

Large huntsman spider

They feed on a variety of insects, frogs, and other spiders.

Huntsmen feeding

Heteropoda simplex

The female huntsman handles her egg sack with extreme care.

Huntsman spider

Huntsman spider

Stayed tuned!  I’ll share the best way to safely catch and remove the huntsman spider from your living space.

Spider shadow

Spider shadow

 My Mission: To Document and Preserve the Wildlife of the Ryukyu Islands

This site is also designed to help people identify the beautiful animals of Okinawa, basically  to serve as an online nature reference guide. If you would like to make a contribution to support my mission, please click on the donation link  paypal.me/maketheswitch4nature

Your donations will help conservation initiatives as well as bring solutions to the worldwide pollution issues on our beautiful shorelines.  Thank you for your support.                    Shawn M Miller.

 

The benefits of changing your colors by Shawn Miller

How cool would it be to have the ability to change colors in a matter of seconds?  In the beautiful waters of Okinawa,  we have a few fish that are capable of changing color quickly.

The Arrow Bulleye (Priacanthus sagittarius) is a stunning dark ruby red when its hiding from predators. It stays close to the coral reef and blends in well.

Red Bigeye ( Pricanthus sagittarius )

Red Bigeye ( Pricanthus sagittarius )

When the Arrow Bullseye is threatened, it flees into open water and changes to a lighter color.

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Red Bigeye ( Pricanthus sagittarius )

It eventually changes to silver in a matter of three seconds

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Red Bigeye ( Pricanthus sagittarius )

Another example of color change happens at the cleaning station. A cleaning station is a designated location where fish come to get their skin, fins, eyes, mouth, teeth, and gills cleaned by cleaner fish. This is an example of Mutilism. The cleaner fish gets fed fresh parasites and the client gets cleaned. All fish swim into the cleaning station and patiently wait to get cleaned.

The blue-lined surgeonfish and rabbitfish (video below) pull into the station and immediately turn dark in color. The purpose of this is so the cleaner fish can spot the parasites easier and speed up the process.

Fish cleaning station

Fish cleaning station

They naturally change back to their lighter color when the exit the cleaning station.

Nice and clean

Check out this rare event in nature, that few will ever see in the wild.

 

Could the increase in tourism contribute to fish disease and parasites? Is it possible the cleaner fish can’t keep up?

Isopods and copepods are bloodsucking parasites commonly found at Maeda point. In the recent years, tourism has increased and some days thousands of snorkelers enter the water. Parasites occur naturally but with the increase in tourism, I believe they are becoming more abundant.

One possible reason is due to guided fish feeding tours. They often feed the marine life large amounts of fu (harvested wheat rolls) and other manmade items. In the past, it was popular to feed the fish processed sausage.  I have been diving Maeda point since 1992. I have observed a decline in healthy coral colonies and other marine life. I have also seen more fish with skin disease and parasites in recent years.  Below are some fish with parasites photographed at Maeda point.

Isopod-  Renocilla bollandi

Isopod- Renocilla bollandi

Rhabdamis sp

Rhabdamis sp

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Filefish with tiny parasites

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Twin spot lionfish and parasites

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Pennantfish and parasite

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Firefish with parasites

Butterfly fish

Butterflyfish and parasites

Infested with parasites

Parasite infestation

Damselfish

Damselfish with parasite

 My Mission: To Document and Preserve the Wildlife of the Ryukyu Islands

This site is also designed to help people identify the beautiful animals of Okinawa, basically to serve as an online nature reference guide. If you would like to make a contribution to support my mission, please click on the donation link  paypal.me/maketheswitch4nature

Your donations will help conservation initiatives as well as bring solutions to the worldwide pollution issues on our beautiful shorelines.  Thank you for your support, Shawn M Miller.

#MakeTheSwitch4Nature

 

When The Red Tractor’s Arrive The Egrets Will Thrive

 

 Red Tractors of Okinawa

Reflections of Okinawa © Shawn Miller

On Okinawa, we have six species of Egrets (Great, Intermediate, Cattle, Little, Chinese, and Pacific Reef Egret).  Egrets spend most of the day foraging on food in the grasslands. They are opportunistic hunters and have learned a new behavior. They follow a tractor as it plows the field and food rewards are given in large amounts. The tractor plow exposes insects, worms, snakes, eels, mice, and frogs.  The payoff is great, a large amount of food in a short period of time.

Plowing the field

Plowing the field © Shawn Miller

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Farming on Okinawa © Shawn Miller

These specialized birds are beneficial for local farming fields. Egrets also feed on grasshoppers and caterpillars that can devastate farmers crops in a matter of days. 

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Egrets feeding © Shawn Miller

One of the egret’s favorite food is the Japanese marsh frog. The last wave goodbye.

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Goodbye © Shawn Miller

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All you can eat buffet © Shawn Miller

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Frog legs © Shawn Miller

Egrets can also be found huntings in wetlands and the shorelines on Okinawa. Here they spend many hours patiently hunting with small rewards of food.

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Wings spread © Shawn Miller

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Striking a pose © Shawn Miller

I have observed these birds hunting for hours on many occasions and the majority of the time they miss their prey in the wetlands.

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The miss © Shawn Miller

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Nature and waste © Shawn Miller

The sad truth is our waste is a serious problem for all animals worldwide.

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That’s not food © Shawn Miller

Let’s work together to make a difference.

The motion of flight © Shawn Miller

Birds in motion © Shawn Miller

 My Mission: To Document and Preserve the Wildlife of the Ryukyu Islands

This site is also designed to help people identify the beautiful animals of Okinawa, basically to serve as an online nature reference guide. If you would like to make a contribution to support my mission, please click on the donation link  paypal.me/maketheswitch4nature

Your donations will help conservation initiatives as well as bring solutions to the worldwide pollution issues on our beautiful shorelines.  Thank you for your support, Shawn M Miller.

#MakeTheSwitch4Nature

Psychedelic Spiders of Okinawa by Shawn Miller

I have been photographing fluorescence for over five years now. Mainly underwater but lately I have been testing the technique on land.  I often find insects, spiders, and plants that fluoresce using a specialized Light&Motion Sola Nightsea light.  Some of the micro-spiders fluoresce brightly under blue light, the challenge is to get an acceptable photograph.

Below are some comparison photographs of spiders. The first photograph was taken under blue light and the second under white light using on-camera flash. All the spiders were photographed in their natural habitat on the beautiful Island of Okinawa.

Jumping spider

Jumping spider -Fluorescence © Shawn Miller

Jumping spider - flash

Jumping spider – flash © Shawn Miller

Yanbaru jumping spider

Yanbaru jumping spider

 spider - flash

Spider and fluorescence© Shawn Miller

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Spider under white light © Shawn Miller

Onomustus kanoi © Shawn Miller

Onomustus kanoi

Onomustus kanoi © Shawn Miller

Onomustus kanoi shadow

Onomustus kanoi & shadow © Shawn Miller

The custom Light & Motion fluorescence setup for these land-based subjects.

Fluorescence photography setup -Shawn Miller

Fluorescence photography setup © Shawn Miller

The giant wood spiders (Nephila maculata) of Okinawa fluoresce under UV light.

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giant wood spiders (Nephila maculata)

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Giant wood spiders (Nephila maculata)

I used my nauticam underwater setup with NIGHTSEA’s fluorescence excitation filters to photograph the wood spiders.

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Nauticam Fluorescence setup

 My Mission: To Document and Preserve the Wildlife of the Ryukyu Islands

This site is also designed to help people identify the beautiful animals of Okinawa, basically to serve as an online nature reference guide. If you would like to make a contribution to support my mission, please click on the donation link  paypal.me/maketheswitch4nature

Your donations will help conservation initiatives as well as bring solutions to the worldwide pollution issues on our beautiful shorelines.  Thank you for your support, Shawn M Miller.

#MakeTheSwitch4Nature

Light&Motion exploration lights – https://www.lightandmotion.com/the-perfect-light

 

 

The Blue Rock Thrush – Birds of Okinawa by Shawn Miller

The Blue rock thrush (Monticola solitarius) is one of the most fascinating and abundant birds of The Ryukyu Islands. They are a common species found in urban areas. I have observed these birds eating food from peoples hands.

  • Scientific name (Monticola solitarius)
  • Common Name: Blue Rock Thrush
  • Distribution:  Ryukyu Islands
  • Habitat: Forests, Parks, and local neighbors  
  • Diet:  Butterflies, moths, spiders, caterpillars,  and fruit
  • Average Size:  25cm 

The female is all brown with a striped pattern. The male is dark blue with an orange breast and belly.

Female Rock thrush

Female rock thrush © Shawn Miller

Male Rock Thrush

Male Rock Thrush © Shawn Miller

Breeding season occurs April through July.  When the Hatchling emerge the parents are on high alert and become noisy and aggressive defending their young.

Blue rock thrush protective mode

Moma on Duty © Shawn Miller

 

Daddy on duty

Daddy on duty © Shawn Miller

This young hatchling left the nest prematurely. It survived four full days roaming the neighborhood wisely on the ground.

Hatchling searching for shelter

Hatchling searching for shelter © Shawn Miller

Somewhere on its journey, it picked up some fishing line.

Hatchling and fishing line

Hatchling and fishing line © Shawn Miller

These birds are curious and intelligent birds.  A wide-angle macro perspective of the male blue rock thrush with its wings spread.

Blue rock-thrush with wings spread

Blue rock-thrush with wings spread © Shawn Miller

Look close and you can see the nicitating membrane, its used to protect and moisten the eye.

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Blue rock-thrush drying off © Shawn Miller

We pulled up to a fight scene.  A rock thrush and a praying mantis fighting in the middle of the road. The rock-thrush flew away and the praying mantis stood its ground. Photographed using my iPhone.

Fighting pose - Preying mantis, IPhone 6s

Fighting pose © Shawn Miller

Know your Nature with Shawn Miller.

 

Crown of Thorns Starfish – Hazardous Starfish of Okinawa by Shawn Miller

The crown of thorns starfish (Ancanthaster planci) plays an important role in the underwater world. They generally feed on the fastest growing corals, allowing the slower growing coral to establish ground. They are the coral moderators, the gardeners of the sea and help increase the diversity of coral species on the reef.

Cots

Mature Crown of thorns starfish © Shawn Miller

Animals that feed on coral are known as corallivores.

Natural coral bleaching

Natural coral bleaching © Shawn Miller

In Okinawa, we have a variety of Corallivorous marine snails ( Drupella sp).  These small snails have also caused serious damage to coral reefs.

Corallivorous snails Drupella sp

Corallivorous snails © Shawn Miller

The venomous sea star has sharply pointed spines that deliver a painful sting. The spines inject venom which causes extreme pain, discomfort and nausea. Most injuries occur because recreation Scuba divers cut up the starfish with a dive knife and the spine penetrates the hand. The starfish serves a purpose in the ecosystem so leave it alone. They are a native marine animal of the Ryukyu Islands.

COTS of Okinawa

COTS of Okinawa © Shawn Miller

COTS Venomous spines

COTS venomous spines © Shawn Miller

In Okinawa, we have had massive COTS outbreaks in the past. These outbreaks have devastated some of the most beautiful shallow water coral reefs.

Juvenile COTS feeding

Juvenile COTS feeding © Shawn Miller

Possible Outbreak Causes 

  •  A natural cycle of nature
  • The decrease in natural predators that feed on COTS
  • Increase in food source caused by agricultural runoff, causing a blooming effect.

Coral crabs are one of the natural protectors of the coral reef. The coral provides shelter and food for the coral crabs. The crabs are on call to defend against the coral-eating starfish and other marine predators.

Coral crabs (Calcinus minutus)

Coral crabs (Calcinus minutus) © Shawn Miller

Coral crabs (Cymo melanodactylus)

Coral crabs (Cymo melanodactylus) © Shawn Miller

Protective Coral crab (Trapezia sepata)

Protective Coral crab (Trapezia sepata) © Shawn Miller

Coral hermit crab (Pagurita vittata)

Coral hermit crab (Pagurita vittata) © Shawn Miller

Gall crab, Maeda point

Gall coral crabs © Shawn Miller

COTS have many natural predators. Over the last twenty-five years, I have observed marine snails, harlequin shrimp, sea anemones and fish feeding on healthy and injured COTS in the wild. I was not able to get photographs of all of this behavior taking place, many natural observations occurred before I purchased an underwater camera.

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Marine snails feeding on COTS © Shawn Miller

The trident trumpet (Charonia tritonis) is sought after by fisherman and shell collectors worldwide. The meat is a popular food source and the beautiful shell is valuable.

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These large snails are capable of eating mature COTS.  Overtaking has reduced populations of this of this predatory snail. More effort needs to be directed to the protection of this species. I have personally observed populations drastically decline over the years.

Trident trumpet © Shawn Miller

Trident trumpet © Shawn Miller

Trident trumpet feeding

Trident trumpet feeding © Shawn Miller

The Harlequin shrimp feed on juvenile COTS in the wild and captivity.   Harlequin shrimp populations are decreasing as well due to the over-collecting for the pet trade market.

Harlequin shrimp feeding

Harlequin shrimp feeding © Shawn Miller

Sea anemones are vicious predators and known to feed on the crown of thorns as well.

Sea anemone

Sea anemone © Shawn Miller

Red soil runoff contributes to coral reef bleaching and fertilizers entering the water. Could fertilizers, sewage or pollution really be the cause for a massive bloom in plankton causing an outbreak of healthy numbers of baby COTS?

Okinawa agricultural runoff

Okinawa agricultural runoff © Shawn Miller

 My Mission: To Document and Preserve the Wildlife of the Ryukyu Islands

This site is also designed to help people identify the beautiful animals of Okinawa, basically to serve as an online nature reference guide. If you would like to make a contribution to support my mission, please click on the donation link  paypal.me/maketheswitch4nature

Your donations will help conservation initiatives as well as bring solutions to the worldwide pollution issues on our beautiful shorelines.  Thank you for your support, Shawn M Miller.

#MakeTheSwitch4Nature

 

Make The Switch For Nature By Shawn Miller

Featured

“Crabs with beach trash homes” was featured in one of the most influential issues of National Geographic Magazine of all time. June 2018 National Geographic launched Planet or Plastic. This powerful issue focuses on bringing awareness to the worldwide plastic pollution problem and efforts to reduce the single-use plastic waste.

Planet or Plastic June 2018 featured

Planet or Plastic June 2018 featured © Shawn Miller

June 2018, National Geographic replaced the plastic cover with a paper cover ( PEFC-Certified Paper ) that can be recycled.  This is a huge step in reducing the big problem of single-use plastic pollution in our oceans one small step at a time. The Editors did an outstanding job on this powerful ocean impact issue of National Geographic.

 Below left is the new paper cover and on the right is the previous plastic cover 

National Geographic Paper wrap

National Geographic Paper wrap © Shawn Miller

What a powerful National Geographic cover by Artist Jorge Gambo. The cover is a plastic bag resembling and Iceberg. This is one of the best covers of all time in my opinion. I was fortunate to get my hands on a Japanese issue as well.

Planet Or Plastic Cover

Planet Or Plastic Cover

Excited and honored to have one of my photographs from Okinawa featured in the National Geographic Planet or Plastic Exhibition at the Church of Santa Maria della Vita in Bologna, Italy.  Exhibition Date: 04/15/2019 – 09/22/2019

Photograph by Paolo Righi

Photograph by Paolo Righi

Photograph by Paolo Righi

Photograph by Paolo Righi

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Planet or Plastic Iconic Photographs

Learn more about reducing waste and making a difference.  TEDx OIST Talk  –  Adapting to Our Changing Environment by Shawn Miller

If you would like to see more of my work in National Geographic Magazine, below are four powerful issues that featured the Endangered Species of Okinawa. (WILDLIFE AS CANON SEES IT)

Anderson’s crocodile newt by Shawn Miller. 11/2020 National Geographic

Miller featured 11-2021

Amami Oshima frog by Shawn Miller. 08/2019 National Geographic

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Kuroiwa’s Ground Gecko by Shawn Miller. 10/2017 National Geographic

Featured- Wildlife As Canon Sees. National Geographic October 2017

Okinawa woodpecker by Shawn Miller. 05/2015 National Geographic

Woodpecker featured Nat Geo May 2015

People often ask me what is the purpose of conservation photography?  Having the ability to affect some form of positive change in the environment and make a global difference with the photographs. Hopefully, the images will inspire people to care more about nature and make a positive difference in the environment.

Let’s Make The Switch 4 Nature before it’s too late 

My Mission: To Protect and Preserve the Wildlife of the Ryukyu Islands for Future Generations. – If you would like to join my journey, check out my Patreon https://www.patreon.com/MakeTheSwitch4Nature

Get Fa-Millerized with the Nature of the Ryukyu Islands  – – – –  SUBSCRIBE BELOW

White Jawed Frog – Amphibians of the Ryukyu Islands by Shawn Miller

The White Jawed Frog (Polypedates leucomystax leucomystax) is an invasive species found throughout the Ryukyu Islands. I have photographed this introduced tree frog on Okinawa, Ie, Izena, Kume island.

  • Scientific name: Polypedates leucomystax leucomystax
  • Common name: White Jawed Frog
  • Distribution: Okinawa, Kume, and Iheya and Ie Island.
  • Habitat: Forest, farm fields, drainage ditches, and ponds
  • Diet: Insects
  • Average size: 45mm-70mm
  • Color: Brown with a white line on the upper lip

White Jawed Frog

White Jawed Frog © Shawn Miller

I often find these frogs hanging out on fences, concrete walls, farming buckets and other manmade structures. They usually stay up high to avoid the threat of snakes.

The White Jawed Frog on a fence

The White Jawed frog hunting © Shawn Miller

Sometimes habu snakes climb these fences in search of a meal. Majority of the time the snakes are unsuccessful.

Venomous Habu Snake

Venomous Habu Snake © Shawn Miller

Tree frogs have the ability to inflate into a defensive posture, making themselves appear too large to eat.

Frog defensive posture

Frog defensive posture © Shawn Miller

It is extremely rare to see snakes eating in the wild.  If you catch this moment in nature consider yourself lucky.

Snake Predation

Snake Predation © Shawn Miller

The breeding season in Okinawa stretches from May through August.

Frogs mating in Yanbaru forest

Mating pair Yanbaru forest © Shawn Miller

Mating fogs © Shawn Miller

Mating fogs © Shawn Miller

They construct a foam nest above a still water source. The foam liquefies when the eggs are ready to hatch.

Cluster of mating frogs ,Iphone 8 and Light and Motion sola 1200

A cluster of mating frogs © Shawn Miller

Photographed on white for the Meet Your Neighbours Global Biodiversity Project. All images are used for awareness and educational purposes.

White Jawed Frog (Polypedates leucomystax leucomystax)

MYN Project Okinawa © Shawn Miller

 My Mission: To Document and Preserve the Wildlife of the Ryukyu Islands

This site is also designed to help people identify the beautiful animals of Okinawa, basically  to serve as an online nature reference guide. If you would like to make a contribution to support my mission, please click on the donation link  paypal.me/maketheswitch4nature

Your donations will help worldwide conservation initiatives as well as bring solutions to the worldwide pollution issues on our beautiful shorelines.  Thank you for your support.  Shawn M Miller.